DRP1 (Dynamin-Related Protein 1) is a GTPase of the dynamin superfamily encoded by the DNM1L gene with a molecular weight of approximately 82 kDa, acting as a core regulator of mitochondrial and peroxisomal morphological remodeling, fission and fusion. Ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells, DRP1 is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, outer mitochondrial membrane and peroxisomal membrane. It mediates membrane constriction and scission via GTP hydrolysis, dominates the entire process of mitochondrial fission, and maintains the dynamic balance of mitochondrial fission-fusion. DRP1 participates in mitochondrial quality control, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, ROS metabolism and autophagy activation. Abnormal DRP1 expression or dysfunction disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, causes energy synthesis deficiency and accumulated oxidative stress, and is extensively involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, tumors, metabolic disorders and cardiovascular injury.