FXR1 (Fragile X Mental Retardation-Related Protein 1) is an important member of the RNA-binding protein family, widely expressed in the nervous system, muscle tissues and germ cells. It is mainly involved in post-transcriptional RNA regulation, cell proliferation and differentiation, neural development and muscle homeostasis maintenance. By binding to target RNA, FXR1 regulates mRNA splicing, translation and stability, and participates in key physiological processes such as nerve cell maturation and muscle cell differentiation. Abnormal expression or mutation of FXR1 disrupts RNA metabolic balance, leads to abnormal neural development and muscle dysplasia, and drives the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, with aberrant overexpression in lung cancer, gastric cancer and other tumors.