PPARGC1B (PGC-1β, PPAR gamma coactivator 1-beta) belongs to transcriptional co-activator family and co-regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism and lipid-gene expression. Predominantly nuclear-localized, PGC-1β interacts with nuclear receptors including PPAR and ERR to boost transcription of mitochondrial genes and promote mitochondrial proliferation and oxidative phosphorylation. It supports brown-adipose thermogenesis, hepatic lipid turnover and oxidative phenotype in skeletal muscle. PGC-1β shares partial functional redundancy with PGC-1α yet displays distinct tissue distribution. Dysregulated PGC-1β drives mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic disorders; in tumors it rewires cellular metabolism to sustain proliferation.